Month: September 2023
ABSTRACT This paper reviewed importance of correlation studies in educational research. The paper concluded that correlation is used to find relationship between variables, determined degree of association etc. and recommendation was made at the end of the paper. INTRODUCTION Correlational study is very important in research. This is obvious in the ways it has been used in researches today in sciences, education, engineering etc. correlational study is used to find relationships between variables, degree of relationships, association among parameters, existing influences between variables, determine the degree of freedom, variability in performance, strength of variations in strength of relationships. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. A correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. IMPORTANCE OF CORRELATION Darko and Ansa-Asare (2009) cited the use of correlation to establish relationships and interactions between parameters. Correlation does not only used to find out relationship that exists between variables, it can also be used to determine the degree of relationships and variability between students’ performance in examination as opined by Oluwatayo (2007). Abe (2007) confirmed that correlation can be used to determine the strength of relationship between subjects and variations in strength of relationships of scores in subjects. Correlation is a good instrument to be used to analyse relationship between performances of students as observed by Ige (2007). Boampong, Acquah and Achiamaa (2009) used correlation to assess linear association among studied quantitative parameters. Boampong, Acqua, Sam-Awortwi and Ofori (2010) stated that correlation could be used to test for association among measured parameters. Correlation allows the researcher to investigate naturally occurring variables that maybe unethical or impractical to test experimentally. For example, it would be unethical to conduct an experiment on whether smoking causes lung cancer. Mcleod (2008) opined that correlation identifies variables and looks for a relationship between them. Correlation allows the researcher to clearly and easily see if there is a relationship between variables. This can then be displayed in a graphical form. The correlation is one of the most common and most useful statistics. He stressed further that correlation is a single number that describes the degree of relationship between two variables. Lanthier (2011) looked at correlation as a way to measure how associated or related two variables are. She explains further that in a correlational study, the researcher is measuring conditions that already exist and finding out in what way pairs of variables are related. Lanthier (2011) opined that the researcher looks at things that already exist and determines if and in what way those things are related to each other and that, purpose of doing correlations is to allow us to make a prediction about one variable based on what we know about another variable. She believed when we know there is a correlation between two variables, we can make a prediction. We can make predictions about things when we know about correlations. If two variables are correlated, we can predict one based on the other. Mcleod (2008) observed that an important area where correlation is widely used is in the study of intelligence where research has been carried out to test the strength of the association between the I.Q. levels of identical and non-identical twins. Correlation research is a form of analysis in which you correlate one variable with another to determine if there is a relationship between them. It is used as a first step prior to experimentation, when experiments cannot be conducted (for ethical or practical reasons). In correlation research you do not manipulate a variable, you gather information through: Observation, Surveys or Questionnaires, and Information Correlation is concerned with describing the degree of relationship between variables. Researchers can use one variable to make predictions about another variable, that correlation can be used to find interrelation between variables. Minium, King & Bear (1993) posited that correlation can be used mainly to determine the degree of association between variables, and also to make prediction about an event. To establish reliability of a test, for example, we would want to know the extent of initial performance on the same test at a subsequent time. Minium et al (1993) opined that correlation is used in determining the degree of association between two variables and predicting a person’s standing in associated variable. John and Arthur (1991) viewed that when two variables are examined for their correlation; it is usually for the purpose of predicting one of them. Most correlation studies are initiated based on the desire to examine and explain the changing value of this variable. Horst (1963) said correlation measures the co variation in the magnitude of two things. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION Correlation is very important in educational research as it could be used to find out relationship between variables, determine degree of association, for prediction about one variable and strength of a relationship. Having reviewed role of correlation in educational research it is therefore suggested that institutions of learning should design a course especially for correlation study. This will help students to apply correlation statistics correctly in research.
REFERENCES Abe, T.O (2007). Skewness and Kurtosis of School- based – Assessment scoresAs determinants of the need for moderation. International Journal of Research in Education 4(1&2) 40-46 Boampong, J.N,Acquah, S & Achiamaa, A(2009). A Cross- Sectional Study Of Home-based Management of Malaria in Bakaano, a suburb of Cape Coast, Ghana: Recognition of Signs, Symptoms and Treatment Options. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 11(2)50-57 Boampong,J.N,Acquah, S,Sam-Awortwi, E.N & Ofori,M.F (2010). A PreliminaryStudy of Association of Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate with Malaria-Specific Immunoglobulin G and Malaria-induced Anaemia. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 12(1)89-98 Darko,H.F&Ansa-Asare,O.D (2009). Chlorophyll-A, Concentrations in Relation to Water Quality and Trophic Status in the Weija Reservoir from 2005-2008. Journal of Ghana Science Association. 11(2)7I-81 Horst, P (1983). Matrix Algebra for Social Scientists, New York: Holt,Rinehart, and Winston. Ige, O.O (2007). Statistical Analysis of the Relationship between Students’Performance in English and Mathematics in some Selected Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria. International Journal of Research in Education. 4(172)164-171
John, E. H & Arthur, G.R (1991). Linear Equations. Understanding business Statistics. USA. Richard, D. Irwin Inc. 450. Lanthier, E (2011). Correlation. Retrieved from http://www.nvcc.edu/home/elanthier/methods/correlation.html Mcleod, S (2008). Correlation. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/correlation.html Minium, E.W, King, B.M &Bear, G (1993). Correlation. Statistical Reasoning In Psychology and Education. John Wiley & son Inc. Canada. Oluwatayo, J.A(2007). Comparative Analysis of Students’ Performance in Chemistry in WAEC and NECO Senior School Certificate Examination International Journal of Research in Education 4(1&2)194-200
Pocket invitations are a popular choice these days when it comes to inviting people to any event. More and more people are investing in these small sized invitations because they are easier to carry, easy to make at home and save you money. In most cases, they also turn out to be significantly less expensive than their larger more traditional counterparts – the white cardboard invitations.
Pocket wedding invitations have become such a favorite with people that it has become a lucrative business for many people. You will find thousands of websites offering readymade pocket invitation kits. However, these can be quite expensive, especially if you are ordering hundreds of them. The best option here is to buy DIY pocket wedding invitation kits and make them in your own style.
Although you have a bit more work to do with the DIY kits, you can create more customized invitations with them when compared to their readymade counterparts. For example, you get to choose the color and designs. You can choose what else you want to include such as small gifts. In other words, it allows you to stand out from the others and do something with the invitations that only you can do with respect to the designs.
DIY pocket fold wedding invitations kits generally come with all the accessories that you will need to design a cracker of an invitation. For instance, you can cut them out according to your own size without disturbing the overall shape of the jacket and the invitation. You can make your own designs with ribbons and custom colorings. Also, the number of pockets on the jacket can be changed according to what you want to include.
Moreover, readymade invitation kits may not allow you to have photos of the bride and groom anywhere you want. They will be at the standard places. With DIY pocket wedding invitation kits, you can choose where the photos go and how big they are. You can even weave a sketch of the two people instead of printing them for a more personalized effect.
If you are going for a particular theme with the wedding, you might not find readymade invitation kits to suite it at online stores. In that case, a DIY kit will give you the standard design and then allow you to color the invitation and jacket according to the theme and give it the fonts that best match the theme.
With a DIY kit, you get the freedom to put your ideas on the invitation an express them. Moreover, you can customize each invitation to suite the guests. It is a great feeling when people receive your wedding invitation and it is made especially for them, with their name printed in special fonts rather than just written generically by hand.
Here is the thing. If you have to design and fill pocket invitations from scratch, it takes a lot of time and creativity. If you go in for readymade invitations in bulk, you don’t get to do much with them other and fill in the blanks with the names of the bride and groom and the venue. These DIY pocket wedding invitation kits give you a nice balance, where you can customize the invitations without having to spend too much time on them.
Your girlfriend has broken up with you and now you realize that you still love her. You want to get her back but it is not going to be easy. Why? She has a new boyfriend! If you read this whole article you will learn how this can actually work in your favor. Read on and find out how to get your ex girlfriend back even when she looks happy with her new boyfriend.
What should you do when your ex girlfriend is already dating another guy so she can forget you? We all know that rebound relationships can keep some people forget or skip bitter emotions that comes with breaking up. They are used to help broken hearts recover and move on.
If you think your ex girlfriend is on a rebound relationship this only means that she still has deep feelings for you. And now she is in the process of emotionally escaping from what she truly feels. It is not important why you have broken up or who’s fault the separation was.
Right now, what matters is that you still love each other. Remember, only relationships built and forged by true love can be saved. This will help keep your hopes up in trying to get her back.
Your girlfriend will try to do everything to forget you. If you are “goody-good guy” type, her new boyfriend probably is the “bad boy” kind of guy. She will try to be with someone who is entirely different from the kind of guy you are.
When this happens, it certainly will be in your favor. She may unconciously be thinking of you and focuses her attention on you when she is with the other guy. And, it gives her a chance to figure out what she really wants and searches for.
You should also realize that she is doing this because she is “wanting” and missing something in your relationship. You can use the time she’s with her rebound guy to improve yourself, your character and be suitable to whatever she is looking for.
Don’t worry, she will not forget all about you. On the contrary, as she spends more time with this new guy she will start to notice his “unlikeble” characteristics. This in turn will start to make you look pretty good.
That’s why it is important for you to remember not to crawl back to her right away. Let her miss you. The good side and even the bad side of you.
When your ex girlfriend starts to show any signs that she is interested to getting back with you, show her warmth in welcoming her back. This is exactly what you should do if you really want to get your ex girlfriend back from her new boyfriend.
To summarize, here are the steps you should take:
1. Do not try to convince her that she is better off without the other guy and you are the love of her life. Let her find true love on her own.
2. Say sorry for whatever you have done and mean it. After that, there is no need to apologize repeatedly.
3. Never make false promises that you will change according to what she wants. You are who you are and that’s the reason why she fell in love with you. But don’t forget that it is always better to have room for being a better person than who you are.
4. Never lose your self-respect. Simply put, definitely “NO” begging and pleading just to get her back. Never ask her if she wants to come back to you. Let her make the first move.
5. Don’t despair and lose hope. The rebound relationship she is in right now is just a sign that there is actually hope. It is her way of trying to get over you and let go of the painful feelings that resulted from your break up.